Editorial: Rising stars in exercise physiology

[Extract] Physical exercise has been recognized as essential for human health and evolution for thousands of years, beginning with the ancient cultures. Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, and the Roman physician Galen were the earliest recorded and most well-known promoters of the beneficial effects of physical exercise. Since these times, several dedicated laboratories worldwide have been established, with many researchers conducting numerous investigations related to exercise physiology; nevertheless, a cornerstone of all laboratories is the development of new and novel researchers. These talented and emerging researchers have been necessary for our understanding of exercise physiology to have reached where we are today (and where we will be in the future). Given the evolution of exercise physiology, the field has incorporated a range of basic to applied scientific investigations and a range of end-users (e.g., researchers, athletes, coaches, physiologists, and clinical/public health professionals) who will benefit from these new advances in exercise physiology

An Artificially Lattice Mismatched Graphene/Metal Interface: Graphene/Ni/Ir(111)

We report the structural and electronic properties of an artificial graphene/Ni(111) system obtained by the intercalation of a monoatomic layer of Ni in graphene/Ir(111). Upon intercalation, Ni grows epitaxially on Ir(111), resulting in a lattice mismatched graphene/Ni system. By performing Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) measurements and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, we show that the intercalated Ni layer leads to a pronounced buckling of the graphene film. At the same time an enhanced interaction is measured by Angle-Resolved Photo-Emission Spectroscopy (ARPES), showing a clear transition from a nearly-undisturbed to a strongly-hybridized graphene $\pi$-band. A comparison of the intercalation-like graphene system with flat graphene on bulk Ni(111), and mildly corrugated graphene on Ir(111), allows to disentangle the two key properties which lead to the observed increased interaction, namely lattice matching and electronic interaction. Although the latter determines the strength of the hybridization, we find an important influence of the local carbon configuration resulting from the lattice mismatch.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Electronic structure and magnetic properties of cobalt intercalated in graphene on Ir(111)

Using a combination of photoemission and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), we characterize the growth and the electronic as well as magnetic structure of cobalt layers intercalated in between graphene and Ir(111). We demonstrate that magnetic ordering exists beyond one monolayer intercalation, and determine the Co orbital and spin magnetic moments. XMCD from the carbon edge shows an induced magnetic moment in the graphene layer, oriented antiparallel to that of cobalt. The XMCD experimental data are discussed in comparison to our results of first-principles electronic structure calculations. It is shown that good agreement between theory and experiment for the Co magnetic moments can be achieved when the local-spin-density approximation plus the Hubbard U (LSDA+U) is used

Community Structure of the Physical Review Citation Network

We investigate the community structure of physics subfields in the citation network of all Physical Review publications between 1893 and August 2007. We focus on well-cited publications (those receiving more than 100 citations), and apply modularity maximization to uncover major communities that correspond to clearly-identifiable subfields of physics. While most of the links between communities connect those with obvious intellectual overlap, there sometimes exist unexpected connections between disparate fields due to the development of a widely-applicable theoretical technique or by cross fertilization between theory and experiment. We also examine communities decade by decade and also uncover a small number of significant links between communities that are widely separated in time.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, 8 tables. Version 2: various small additions in response to referee comment

Correlated multiplexity and connectivity of multiplex random networks

Nodes in a complex networked system often engage in more than one type of interactions among them; they form a multiplex network with multiple types of links. In real-world complex systems, a node's degree for one type of links and that for the other are not randomly distributed but correlated, which we term correlated multiplexity. In this paper we study a simple model of multiplex random networks and demonstrate that the correlated multiplexity can drastically affect the properties of giant component in the network. Specifically, when the degrees of a node for different interactions in a duplex Erdos-Renyi network are maximally correlated, the network contains the giant component for any nonzero link densities. In contrast, when the degrees of a node are maximally anti-correlated, the emergence of giant component is significantly delayed, yet the entire network becomes connected into a single component at a finite link density. We also discuss the mixing patterns and the cases with imperfect correlated multiplexity.Comment: Revised version, 12 pages, 6 figure

Single electron quantum tomography in quantum Hall edge channels

We propose a quantum tomography protocol to measure single electron coherence in quantum Hall edge channels and therefore access for the first time the wave function of single electron excitations propagating in ballistic quantum conductors. Its implementation would open the way to quantitative studies of single electron decoherence and would provide a quantitative tool for analyzing single to few electron sources. We show how this protocol could be implemented using ultrahigh sensitivity noise measurement schemes.Comment: Version 3: long version (7 figures): corrections performed and references have been added. Figures reprocessed for better readabilit

Self-organized Emergence of Navigability on Small-World Networks

This paper mainly investigates why small-world networks are navigable and how to navigate small-world networks. We find that the navigability can naturally emerge from self-organization in the absence of prior knowledge about underlying reference frames of networks. Through a process of information exchange and accumulation on networks, a hidden metric space for navigation on networks is constructed. Navigation based on distances between vertices in the hidden metric space can efficiently deliver messages on small-world networks, in which long range connections play an important role. Numerical simulations further suggest that high cluster coefficient and low diameter are both necessary for navigability. These interesting results provide profound insights into scalable routing on the Internet due to its distributed and localized requirements.Comment: 3 figure

The acute and chronic effects of hot water immersion on inflammation and metabolism in sedentary, overweight adults

Regular exercise-induced acute inflammatory responses are suggested to improve the inflammatory profile and insulin sensitivity. As body temperature elevations partly mediate this response, passive heating might be a viable tool to improve the inflammatory profile. This study investigated the acute, and chronic effects of hot water immersion on inflammatory and metabolic markers. Ten sedentary, overweight males (BMI: 31.0±4.2 kg/m2) were immersed in water set at 39°C for 1 h (HWI) or rested for 1 h at ambient temperature (AMB). Venous blood was obtained prior to, immediately post and 2 h post-session for assessment of monocyte intracellular heat shock protein 72 (iHsp72) and plasma concentrations of extracelullar heat shock protein 72 (eHsp72), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fasting glucose, insulin and nitrite. Thereafter, participants underwent a 2-week intervention period, consisting of 10 hot water immersion sessions (INT). Eight BMI-matched participants (BMI: 30.0±2.5 kg/m2) were included as control (CON). Plasma IL-6 and nitrite concentrations were higher immediately following HWI compared to AMB (IL-6 p<0.001, HWI: 1.37±0.94 to 2.51±1.49 pg/ml; nitrite p=0.04, HWI: 271±52 to 391±72 nM), while iHsp72 expression was unchanged ( p=0.57). In contrast to resting iHsp72 expression ( p=0.59), fasting glucose ( p=0.04, INT: 4.44±0.93 to 3.98±0.98 mmol/l), insulin ( p=0.04, INT: 68.1±44.6 to 55.0±29.9 pmol/l) and eHsp72 ( p=0.03, INT: 17±41% reduction) concentrations were lowered after INT compared to CON. HWI induced an acute inflammatory response and increased nitric oxide bioavailability. The reductions in fasting glucose and insulin concentrations following the chronic intervention suggest that hot water immersion may serve as a tool to improve glucose metabolism